What is sterilization?

Sterilization is defined as a process that kills all microbial life, which includes not only bacteria but also viruses, fungi, and spores. This process is essential in settings where complete elimination of all microorganisms is critical, such as in surgical environments or laboratories handling sensitive biological materials.

The effectiveness of sterilization can be achieved through various methods, such as steam under pressure (autoclaving), dry heat, chemical sterilants, and radiation. It's important to note that sterilization is distinct from sanitation and disinfection, which do not necessarily eliminate all forms of microbial life. For example, while disinfection can significantly reduce the number of pathogens on a surface, it may not kill every single microorganism, especially spores that require higher-level sterilization techniques. In this context, understanding sterilization's comprehensive approach to microbial elimination is crucial for ensuring safety in environments where contamination could pose serious health risks.